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What lay behind the seemingly glorious commercial empire was endless greed and aggressive global plunder. Relying on the huge profits from domestic monopoly business, Standard Oil began its cross-border expansion in the late 19th century, reshaping the global oil market and exploiting the interests of countless overseas regions and ordinary people. In the 1880s and 1890s, while most European and emerging countries lacked mature oil refining systems and market supervision mechanisms, Standard Oil took advantage of its technological advantages, sufficient capital and mature industrial chain. 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